• What is psychology?
• The role of psychology in understanding behavior and mental processes.
• How psychology differs from philosophy and neuroscience.
• Subfields of psychology and their applications (clinical, cognitive, social, forensic, etc.).
• Structuralism: Wundt's introspection and the study of consciousness.
• Functionalism: William James and the focus on mental processes' purpose.
• Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner on learning through conditioning.
• Cognitive Psychology: Chomsky and Piaget's studies on internal thought processes.
• Other perspectives: Psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and modern neuroscience.
• Why psychology is a science.
• Steps of the scientific method (observation, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion).
• Common research methods (experiments, case studies, surveys, longitudinal studies).
• Ethics in psychological research.
• Study techniques based on psychological research (active recall, spaced repetition).
• Introduction to Neurons (Functions, importance in the nervous system) 
• Neuron Anatomy (Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Synapses)
• Types of Neurons (Sensory, Motor, Interneurons)
• Synaptic Transmission (Chemical vs. Electrical)
• Action Potential (Electrical Signaling Process)
• Role of Glial Cells (Supporting neurons and brain function)
• Introduction to Neurotransmitters (What they are and why they matter)
• Dopamine: Reward, motivation, Parkinson's, schizophrenia.
• Serotonin: Mood regulation, depression, anxiety.GABA: Inhibition, calming effects, anxiety disorders.
• Effects of Drugs on Neurotransmitter Activity (SSRIs, recreational drugs)
• Neurotransmitters and Mental Health Disorders
• Divisions of the Brain: Forebrain, Midbrain, HindbrainThe Limbic System (Role in Emotion and Memory)
• Prefrontal Cortex (Executive Function, Decision-Making)
• Hemispheric Specialization (Left vs. Right Brain Functions)
• Neuroplasticity (Brain Adaptation and Learning)
• The importance of research in psychology
• Basic research vs. applied researchSteps of the research process
• Ethical considerations in psychological research
• What is a hypothesis? 
• Null Hypothesis (H₀) vs. Alternative Hypothesis (H₁)
• Key areas of forensic psychology (criminal behavior, legal decision-making, rehabilitation)
• The process of criminal profiling
• FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit and profiling techniques
• Case studies of successful profiling (e.g., serial killer profiling)
• Psychological factors influencing memory recall

• Directional vs. Non-Directional Hypotheses
• How hypotheses are tested in psychology
• Variables in Research (Independent, Dependent, Confounding)
• Between-subjects vs. within-subjects design
• Quasi-experimental vs. true experimental designs
• Control Groups & Randomization
• Measures of central tendency (Mean, Median, Mode)
• Measures of variability (Range, Standard Deviation)
• Concept of statistical significance (p-value, confidence intervals)
• Parametric vs. Non-Parametric Tests
• Common tests used in psychology (t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square tests)
• Milgram's Obedience Study (1963)
• The Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo, 1971)
• The Little Albert Experiment (Watson & Rayner, 1920)
• The Asch Conformity Experiments (1951)
• Definition of abnormal psychology
• Historical perspectives on mental illness
• The role of the DSM-5 in diagnosing mental disorders
• The medical model vs. psychological models of mental illness
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Panic Disorder
• Social Anxiety Disorder
• Specific Phobias
• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)Bipolar Disorder (Types I and II)
• Symptoms and diagnostic criteria
• Positive vs. negative symptoms
• Cognitive impairments in schizophrenia
• Principles and techniques
• How it helps anxiety and mood disorders
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) for depression
• Antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Symptoms and treatment approaches
• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): A real-world case analysis
• Schizophrenia: A case study on symptom progression and treatment response
•Definition and scope of social psychology
• The influence of society on individual behavior
• Social norms and their role in shaping behavior
• Research methods in social psychology
• Experimental design and methodology
• Results and implicationsFactors affecting conformity (group size, unanimity, culture)
• Variations of Asch's experiment and their findings
• Study design and purposeKey findings and ethical considerations
• Factors influencing obedience (authority, proximity, peer influence)
• Comparison with real-world events (e.g., Holocaust, military obedience)
• Definition and examples
• How dissonance affects decision-making and behavior
• Strategies to reduce cognitive dissonance
• Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional)
• Gilligan's Ethics of Care and gender differences in moral reasoning
• Definition and role in the legal system
• Courtroom implications and legal reforms

• The role of diffusion of responsibility
• Famous case studies (Kitty Genovese murder)
• Factors influencing intervention in emergencies
• Definition and scope of cognitive psychology
• The role of cognition in perception, memory, and decision-making
• Research methods in cognitive psychology
• Historical development of cognitive psychology (from behaviorism to cognitive science)
• Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
• Strengths and limitations of the model
• Components: Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
• Real-life applications of working memory
• Encoding, storage, and retrieval processes
• Forgetting theories (Decay theory, interference theory, retrieval failure)
• Definition of cognitive biases and their role in decision-making
• How it influences information processing
• Examples in real life (news consumption, social media)
• Influence on judgments and estimations
• Applications in marketing, negotiations, and pricing strategies
• Other common biases (availability heuristic, hindsight bias, overconfidence bias)
• Definition of heuristics and their role in cognitive efficiency
• Means-end analysis
• Working backward
• Analogical problem-solving
• Common errors in problem-solving (functional fixedness, mental set)
• Real-world applications of heuristics in decision-making
• Definition and scope of developmental psychologyNature vs. nurture in development
• Research methods in developmental psychology (longitudinal vs. cross-sectional studies)
• Key debates in development (continuity vs. stages, stability vs. change)
• Overview of Jean Piaget's theory
• Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years) – Object permanence, sensory exploration
• Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) – Symbolic thinking, egocentrism
• Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years) – Conservation, logical thought
• Formal Operational Stage (11+ years) – Abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking
• Criticism and modern interpretations of Piaget's work
• Overview of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
• Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood)
• Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age)
• Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age)
• Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
• Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
• Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)
• Real-life applications and critiques of Erikson's theory
• Secure attachmentInsecure attachment (avoidant, anxious, disorganized)
• The Role of Early Relationships in Development
• False memories and misinformation effect (Loftus' research)